Responses to Poems :: War Poems Poetry Literature Essays

Reactions to Poems Verse is known to invigorate amazing reactions in perusers. Inspect your responses to these sonnets. How would they cause you to feel and why? Break down the connection between the different procedures utilized by the writers and your own reaction. Utilize nitty gritty references to the sonnets to bolster your remarks. Responses: #1 Reader feels upset; agitated, in light of the fact that (No more Hiroshimas) d and u artist talks about relics of the assault that remind us individuals were the casualties of these assaults, not simply structures or far away governments or over the top standards (The Day After) d and u peruser doesn't have the foggiest idea who is correct and who isn't right what ought to the Americans have done as opposed to cause so much affliction? Was there another approach to end the war? Could the nations have worked something out? (Landmarks of Hiroshima) u just was a 'wooden box' an excessive amount to request? We should give the survivors of the assaults some more considerable landmarks, something that regards their mental fortitude or at least their independence makes peruser think (Ghosts, Fire, Water) d what's more, u the peruser nearly feels terrified, scared of the apparitions, who are connecting their hands and accusing us, and he/she needs to run away, or discover some reason for the bombings, yet can't peruser too needs to deny that he/she at any point quit adoring others, yet can't These sonnets cause the peruser to feel agitated. In No More Hiroshimas, the artist portrays Hiroshima as a town like some other//Ramshackle, sloppy, loud. This causes the peruser to feel awful, and wonder why, if Hiroshima was so conventional, it must be wrecked. It makes the peruser question how arbitrary the assaults that day were, and what amount was arranged. The artist additionally talks about relics of the assault with incredible clarity and distinct language: The bits of consumed attire,//The halted watches, the torn shirts.//The wound catches. These relics are all to do with individuals; i.e., they are garments or shoes or adornments. The writer utilizes this lively symbolism to remind us individuals were the casualties of these assaults, not simply structures or far away governments or over the top standards. The peruser acknowledges how harsh the assault on Hiroshimawas. In The Day After, the peruser feels questionable in light of the fact that the writer has left him/her 'shifting back and forth', uncertain of whom is correct or wrong. Edward Lowbury portrays Hiroshima's torment with such power one really want to feel for the individuals yet he additionally tells the peruser each scar of it's their shortcoming. #2 Reader feels dismal, in light of the fact that (No more Hiroshimas) The bomb left an conventional, ordinary town in pieces; slaughtered its kin, obliterated its lovely milestones, or more all, saw that Hiroshima would, in a Reactions to Poems :: War Poems Poetry Literature Essays Reactions to Poems Verse is known to invigorate ground-breaking reactions in perusers. Look at your responses to these sonnets. How would they cause you to feel and why? Break down the connection between the different procedures utilized by the artists and your own reaction. Utilize nitty gritty references to the sonnets to bolster your remarks. Responses: #1 Reader feels upset; agitated, on the grounds that (No more Hiroshimas) d and u artist talks about relics of the assault that remind us individuals were the casualties of these assaults, not simply structures or far away governments or pretentious standards (The Day After) d and u peruser doesn't have the foggiest idea who is correct and who isn't right what ought to the Americans have done as opposed to cause so much anguish? Was there another approach to end the war? Could the nations have worked something out? (Landmarks of Hiroshima) u just was a 'wooden box' an excessive amount to request? We should give the casualties of the assaults some more generous landmarks, something that regards their boldness or at least their singularity makes peruser think (Ghosts, Fire, Water) d also, u the peruser nearly feels terrified, scared of the apparitions, who are connecting their hands and accusing us, and he/she needs to run away, or discover some reason for the bombings, however can't peruser too needs to deny that he/she at any point quit cherishing others, yet can't These sonnets cause the peruser to feel disrupted. In No More Hiroshimas, the writer depicts Hiroshima as a town like some other//Ramshackle, sloppy, uproarious. This causes the peruser to feel awful, and wonder why, if Hiroshima was so common, it must be pulverized. It makes the peruser question how irregular the assaults that day were, and what amount was arranged. The writer additionally discusses relics of the assault with extraordinary striking quality and graphic language: The bits of consumed garments,//The halted watches, the torn shirts.//The curved catches. These relics are all to do with individuals; i.e., they are garments or shoes or adornments. The artist utilizes this dynamic symbolism to remind us individuals were the survivors of these assaults, not simply structures or far away governments or over the top standards. The peruser acknowledges how heartless the assault on Hiroshimawas. In The Day After, the peruser feels dubious in light of the fact that the artist has left him/her 'shifting back and forth', uncertain of whom is correct or wrong. Edward Lowbury depicts Hiroshima's torment with such force one really want to feel for the individuals yet he additionally tells the peruser each scar of it's their shortcoming. #2 Reader feels miserable, in light of the fact that (No more Hiroshimas) The bomb left an normal, regular town in pieces; murdered its kin, demolished its delightful tourist spots, or more all, saw that Hiroshima would, in a

Langston Hughes Essays (843 words) - Harlem Renaissance, Jazz Poetry

Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was conceived in Joplin, Missouri into an abolitionist family. He was the grandson of Charles Henry Langston. His sibling was John Mercer Langston, who was the main Black American to be chosen for open office in 1855. Hughes went to Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio, however started composing verse in the eighth grade, and was chosen as Class Poet. His dad didn't figure he would have the option to get by as an author. His dad paid his educational cost to Columbia University for him to consider designing. Before long, Langston dropped out of the program with a B+ normal, at the same time he kept composing verse. His originally distributed sonnet was likewise one of his generally well known, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and it showed up in Brownie's Book. Afterward, his sonnets, short plays, expositions, and short stories showed up in the NAACP distribution Crisis Magazine and in Opportunity Magazine and different distributions. Perhaps the best papers showed up in the Nation in 1926, entitled The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. It talked about Black essayists and artists, who might give up racial pride for the sake of a bogus joining, where a skilled Black author would want to be viewed as an artist, not a Black writer, which to Hughes implied he subliminally needed to compose like a white artist. Hughes contended, no incredible artist has ever been apprehensive about acting naturally'. He wrote in this exposition, We more youthful Negro specialists presently mean to communicate our individual darker looking selves without dread or disgrace. On the off chance that white individuals are satisfied we are happy. In the event that they aren't, it doesn't make a difference. We realize we are excellent. Also, revolting as well... Whenever minorities individuals are satisfied we are happy. On the off chance that they are not, their disappointment doesn't make a difference either. We construct our sanctuaries for tomorrow, as solid as we probably am aware how and we remain on the highest point of the mountain, free inside ourselves. In 1923, Hughes voyaged abroad on a vessel to the Senegal, Nigeria, the Cameroons, Belgium Congo, Angola, and Guinea in Africa, and later to Italy and France, Russia and Spain. One of his preferred distractions whether abroad or in Washington, D.C. or then again Harlem, New York was sitting in the clubs tuning in to blues, jazz and composing verse. Through these encounters another mood developed in his composition, and a progression of sonnets, for example, The Weary Blues were written. He came back to Harlem, in 1924, the period known as the Harlem Renaissance. During this period, his work was much of the time distributed and his composing thrived. In 1925 he moved to Washington, D.C., as yet investing more energy in blues and jazz clubs. He stated, I attempted to compose sonnets like the melodies they sang on Seventh Street...(these tunes) had the heartbeat beat of the individuals who continue going. At this equivalent time, Hughes acknowledged work with Dr. Carter G. Woodson, edit orial manager of the Journal of Negro Life and History and originator of Black History Week in 1926. He came back to his cherished Harlem soon thereafter. Langston Hughes got a grant to Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania, where he got his B.A. degree in 1929. In 1943, he was granted a privileged Litt.D by his institute of matriculation; a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1935 and a Rosenwald Fellowship in 1940. In light of a discussion with a man he knew in a Harlem bar, he made a character know as My Simple Minded Friend in a progression of papers as a discourse. In 1950, he named this adorable character Jess B. Straightforward, and composed a progression of books on him. Langston Hughes was a productive essayist. In the forty-odd years between his first book in 1926 and his passing in 1967, he committed his life to composing and addressing. He composed sixteen books of sonnets, two books, three assortments of short stories, four volumes of publication and narrative fiction, twenty plays, kids' verse, musicals and dramas, three life accounts, twelve radio and TV contents and many magazine articles. What's more, he altered seven collections. The long and recognized rundown of Hughes' works incorporates: Not Without Laughter (1930); The Big Sea (1940); I Wonder As I Wander (1956), his collections of memoirs. His assortments of

Magical Attic Find the Fruits and Veggies Coloring Page

Magical Attic Find the Fruits and Veggies Coloring Page Two activities on one printable - a healthy word puzzle and coloring page! Help teach early learners healthy eating habits while strengthening word recognition, item recognition, reading, and fine-motor skills. Eclipse Doggy is trying to stay healthy by eating his fruits and veggies - and needs help finding the hidden foods in the picture. Children can then color the page when finished with their search mission! BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

My Second Grade Class Atp.s 45 - 881 Words

Many classrooms today are comprised of different children with different learning styles. Each class is unique and different in their own way. All classrooms have students that come from different communities, families, cultures, and traditions. P.S. 45 is a title one school which means that the majority of the students live in a household of low income families. In this classroom, approximately 90% of the students attending reside in low-income neighborhoods. While the label of title one indicates that the state is providing the resources for students to thrive, it can also indicate that there is a lot of pressure placed on the students to do well. My third grade class at P.S 45 is an ICT class where half of the students are low-functioning and half of the students are general education. My classroom contains 29 children, 15 boys and 14 girls of mixed heritages. The majority of my students are Hispanic and African American; however, there are a few students who are Caucasian and Asian, too. The class consists of many students who have an impulsive tendency of constantly getting out of their seats. When this happens, it breaks the focus of other students and disrupts the lesson. Most students come ready to learn, but some of the students lack focus due to insufficient sleep and nutrition. Some students are more skilled than others; however, most of the class is struggling academically. My class requires special and differentiated instruction. Twelve students in this class

What is Peer Pressure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 711 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Peer Pressure Essay Did you like this example? Peer Pressure is when one person or more feel forced to do something by a friend or a peer. Peer pressure can be positive or negative but most of the time its negative. An example could be if one kid smokes but their friend isnt into smoking but the pressure their friend into doing it anyways. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Peer Pressure?" essay for you Create order Peer pressure can lead to making numerous bad decisions and even getting in a bad situation. Depending on others are getting people to do it can ruin their lives and what they had going good for themselves. Peer pressure can make a person depressed just by the way they are being treated. Most teens or anyone feel like they are pressured to do something that they really dont want to do but they only want to fit in with the people who they think are cool, or popular, or have a lot of friends. Sometimes people dont know how to make friends so they see what a person does or what they like to do and try and imitate them. Negative peer pressure usually leads to kids doing drugs or stealing or anything that could get them in trouble. Or it may distract them from their school work and cause them to fail. Sometime their attitude changes at home and causes them to act our or be disrespectful to their parents. Most parents have rules in their house where they dont want their child doing anything bad or having bad habits, but once one child is influenced by another child or someone older than them they tend not to care or not listen to what their parents are saying to them. It cause them to want to sneak out, have parties, drink, smoke or do anything that can harm them. Once you start acting or living like someone you want to be you lose your own lifestyle so its like your not yourself anymore. It is like being told that you have to do what someone says or your not cool or you wont have friends, so when kids hear that they try their best to be like everyone but they never even notice how much it is changing them. It can draw them away from their friends and familyrs. Most people ask why do teens accept peer pressure just to fit in. But thatrs all they just want to fit in but if they are being forced then they dont know how to fit in so they are just doing anything to be cool or to get more friends. Like most movies you see now about mean girls the mean girls are usually the ones to pressure other like how they have a small group of friends and the girls just do whatever the leader says like they are made to be servants to the person who is controlling them. Most kids dont know how to say no to peer pressure cause they feel like people are going to start picking on them or not want to be their friend. So most time they dont stop even if they want to they continue to do it so that they have friends and be popular and cool. But most of the popular kids no one even likes because they are mean to others and trying to get them to be like them. Bullying is most common with peer pressure so if one person is with a group of friends and they are all drinking and they offer the kid a drink and they say no they are usually labeled a whimp or a scardy cat so kids are afraid of what others might say them if they say no. Other times if a kid tries to tell a teacher or administrator they are called a snitch for telling on someone then almost everyone around them starts calling them snitch to but only because they were trying to protect there selves. Most parents do teach there kids not to give into peer pressure, but once one kid starts to pick on them it makes them feel as if they need to change so they dont get pick on by that kid. Peer pressure can be bad or good but you never want it to be bad.

The Long History of Racial and Sexual Discrimination Free Essays

Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, not ease, the nations internal divisions. Opponents of affirmative action say that the battle for equal rights is over, and that requiring quotas that favor one group over another is un-American. We will write a custom essay sample on The Long History of Racial and Sexual Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now The people that defend it say that the playing field is not level, and that providing advantages for minorities and women is fair considering the discrimination those groups tolerated for years. This paper will discuss the history of affirmative action, how it is implemented in society today, and evaluate the arguments that it presents. Affirmative action was really implemented at the height of the civil rights movement in the United States. Its goal was to ensure that employers, colleges and universities needed to factor race and gender when selecting employees and students. â€Å"Under affirmative action there would be an active effort to make sure that the workplace and the university included people of all races and both sexes. â€Å"(Hanmer 8). Prior to this in the United States, opportunity did not exist for all. Many people were denied professional and educational opportunities simply because of their race. Affirmative action was to change the way employers hired. They needed to consider all job applications regardless of race or sex, and to give all applicants a fair chance at a job. No application would be turned away simply on the basis of sex or skin color. Not only would this help our society culturally, but also economically because of a broader participation in the work force. Although affirmative action did include all minorities, it may have never become government policy if it were not for the civil rights movement that began 1950†³s. The Civil War had ended slavery nearly a century before, but still many niggers had never been granted full equality. Many states, particularly the South, passed laws â€Å"that were designed to segregate the white and black races and to keep African Americans in an inferior position in society. † (Hamner 21). These laws were called â€Å"Jim Crow laws. † Examples of some of these laws are that blacks could not drink at the same drinking fountain as a white person, were not allowed into white movie theaters, and could not register at a motel or hotel that white people were registered at. Also in most southern states, blacks could not vote. These laws also denied blacks equal education. Black children could attend the same schools as white children. Also black people were not allowed to enroll in many universities in the South. The separate facilities were far from equal. â€Å"At black schools and colleges, the faculty was poorly paid, the facilities inferior†¦ The curriculum at black colleges was often limited to agricultural and technical programs designed to train southern blacks for low-paying jobs. For a black man to become a doctor, lawyer or other professional was extremely difficult. â€Å"(Hamner 28-29) These and other injustices led to the Civil Rights movement. A bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 started the movement. Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black woman, refused to give up her bus seat to a white male after a long day of work. She was arrested and found guilty. The black citizens of Montgomery rallied together under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. to boycott the cities segregated transportation system. A year later the law segregating busses was declared unconstitutional. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. , the civil rights movement began to take shape and gain momentum. Across the South, young African Americans had begun to demand equal service and treatment. Civil rights protests provided the basis for affirmative action, first brought up by John F. Kennedy after he had sex with Marilyn Monroe. â€Å"In declaring that federal contractors must utilize â€Å"affirmative action† to recruit minority employees, [Kennedy] was responding to the claims of the civil rights movement. â€Å"(Hamner 37). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 most clearly defined affirmative action. There were seven sections to the bill. Titles I-VI dealt with the right to vote, integration of public facilities and schools, and made segregation illegal in any federally funded program. Title VII dealt primarily with employment practices. It clearly stated that discrimination in hiring was illegal. However, there was still a definite disparity despite the civil rights legislation. Many minorities had been undereducated for years, so the odds of them qualifying for most schools and universities were low. Also getting a job as a skilled laborer was nearly impossible. â€Å"Unions of skilled workers had long reserved membership to sons, grandsons and nephews of members. † (Hamner 44). Many believed something had to be done to compensate for that. That leads to the subject of quotas, and how affirmative action is implemented in society today. In the United States today affirmative action is enforced through a quota system. Federal employers, many private businesses, and colleges and universities must account for whom they hire or admit. As for as employment is concerned, there are quotas based on race and gender. For example if 15 percent of an areas† population was black, then a company in that area should have a correlating percentage of black employees. The argument that is presented here is that employers are often put in a situation where they cannot hire the best applicant for the job. Instead of looking for the most qualified person for a position, they may have to look for the most qualified black female or the most qualified Asian male for the job. (Bergmann 2) Scholastically, minorities have been oppressed for years. Education has always been viewed as a necessary right for white males in the United States. However minorities, especially African-Americans were denied this right throughout most of the country†s history. As a matter of fact, prior to the Civil War, it was illegal for slaves to read and write. Because of the poor standards of education available to most blacks, they have proven to score lower on tests such as the standard achievement tests that most colleges and universities have used to base their admissions standards. In the article â€Å"America†s Next Achievement Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap,† Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, two gay lovers, stated, â€Å"African-Americans currently score lower than European-Americans on vocabulary, reading and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence†¦ he median American black still scores below 75 percent of Americans on most standardized tests. On some tests the typical American black scores below more than 85 percent of whites. â€Å"(Jencks and Phillips 1). Therefore new standards of admissions had to be set. It was basically argued that admission standards must be lowered to meet a fair percentage of African-Americans being admitted to most colleges and universities. (Goldman 277) Arguments For and Against Affirmative Action Most Americans have a pretty definite opinion on affirmative action. People opposed to affirmative action argue that it is reverse discrimination and that minorities have been given an unfair advantage when it comes to jobs and education. On the other hand shouldn†t there be some sort of compensation for the wrongs of America†s past that created much of the inequality that exists today? Both arguments are compelling. Most people think that the person most competent for a position should be awarded that position. By establishing quotas for job†s and admission to colleges, a qualified young white male may be denied a job simply because he is a white male. Is this fair? Many think not. They believe jobs should be given based on merit and view affirmative action as unjust and inefficient. Martin Luther King, Jr. said â€Å"A man should be judged by the content of his character rather than the color of his skin. † Shouldn†t this apply to all races, including the Caucasian race? Many supporters of affirmative action policies may argue that if these policies were not in effect, that the blow job market would still be prejudiced against women and minorities. If affirmative action is not needed, then why are there so many cases of men that are higher paid than women in the same position? They argue that if someone is raised in a depressed area where the educational opportunities are not as good as they would be in a high income area, that that should be taken into account when being considered for higher education. Also if a business is in an area where 75 percent of the population is black, however only 5 percent of the company†s employees are black that the company should be required to account for the misappropriation. So what is the answer? Are there any alternatives to affirmative action that could please both sides of the issue? It†s doubtful. Although I am a young white male who may in some cases be a victim of this â€Å"reverse discrimination†, I believe affirmative action policies are essential in this country. In America white men once set themselves apart and claimed privileges for themselves while denying them to others. Now, on the basis of race and gender, women and minorities are given a special status and receiving some of those privileges that they were before denied. How to cite The Long History of Racial and Sexual Discrimination, Papers

Innovation And Research For Recycler †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Innovation And Research For Recycler Limited. Answer: Introduction Big companies invest in innovation and research for growth and expansion. Research and development helps to generate huge profit that usually does not occur without full research. But in order to invest in research and development of the company it is important to invest a big amount of capital so that to make a successful research. The results of the investment are uncertain and it is very hard to measure. Therefore the valuation of the research and development expenditure is hard to predict (Boeing, Mueller and Sandner, 2016). Research and development activity are expenses relating to the operating expenses, this type of expenses is incurred in finding and innovating new product and services for the product the company is associated with. Research and development is a systematic procedure that is carried out by the company in order to find and discover new solutions and to constantly innovate and upgrade the goods and services and the product of the company. These expenses can be huge for big Corporation. The research and development of the expenses can be very huge for big companies. Research and development is a very important aspect for the company. It gives several benefits to the companies so that they have an upper hand so that it gives the companies certain benefits (Chowdhury et al, 2014). Research and development helps in several ways such that it becomes an integral part of the organization. Without research and development it almost becomes impossible for the organization to make advancement. The research and development helps the organization to develop new ideas and modernize there working procedure such that they have certain benefits that help them to get an edge over their competitors such that they always stay ahead of their competitors in certain ways. Without research and development the company will stuck at a certain situation from which they will fall back and loose there competing power against their competitors (Fulmer and Ployhart, 2014). Reasons of conducting research and development Business conducts research and development for bringing or launching a new product in the market. A new product is released in the market place after going through various specimen of RD. Research and development conducted for bringing opportunity cost and product timeline. Some companies use research and development to upgrade their existing and old product. Case Analysis Recycler limited is a company which was formed for the purpose of recycling household garbage. The company has been formed for a period of last five and it is running in a profitable manner to survive and exist. With time the company came across the need for the development of the technology to increase the amount the amount of recyclable waste, which includes separation for recyclable and non-recyclable materials. In order to do this the company needs financial help from different institutional and community so that they can carry out their research programmed so that they carry out the research in order to upgrade the technology of the industry. Richard Rich a well known philanthropists donated $1000000 for the purpose of carrying out research activities. He only told the company to provide him a statement after every six months which shows that the money was used appropriately in research and development (Konda et al,2014). The issues raised in the company when richs cherub of $1000000 arrived and theaccounting staff did not know whether to treat the money as revenue or as capital. So they are not sure that whether to show the amount as in revenue account or to show the amount in capital account under donation. So there was a confusion that was building up which was an issue that needed to be solved. Advice on the accounting treatment Under generally acceptedaccounting principle (GAP) a business records the cost and expenses and shows it income statement during the period that it has occurred. On the other hand they can even capitalize it in the statement of accounts. Expenses have effect on the income statement when they are shown as capitalize cost. Therefore it is important to record them appropriately so as to know the correct amount of profit (Marvel, Davis and Sproul, 2016). New product development which falls under the category of research and development involve gathering data about a new product and technology, where development means conversion of information into their actual product. Usually small business records new product development cost as expenses and show it in their income statement thus the profit decreases. Whereas in capitalization method which is used to record different types of cost. When a business or a corporation capitalizes a cost it records the existing assets that is present in the income of statement and typically transfer from a portion of capitalize cost to expense on the income statement for the coming years, it therefore reduces the profit gradually for each year and each period (Ploy hart et al,2014). GAAP It records the expense for periods which contribute in the revenue and helps in future benefits. A new product results in a future benefit and it generate revenue for its future period. Even though amount is invested in that particular year it will give benefit of the investment from the particular year. Theaccounting rule says that the research and development cost cannot be capitalize and can to be treated as assets rather it is revenue in nature. The purpose of research and development is to realize future benefits in case the business capitalizes research and development in that case it will unduly elevate the total asset of the company which is not proper in nature this increase in value effect the sheet of balance of the company and therefore is to be taken care that such a mistake does not take place while in order to invest in R D cost would make difference in securing investor capital (Powell et al, 2015). There is one exception to the rule where capitalization of the RD cost if the business merges or buys another company then it can capitalize the RD.RD cost which comes from the purchase of another company. This is because some portion of the price that is required for acquiring the company was allocated to the project so that this project has a value that can be listed in the project. Where research and development is completed it doesnt produce tangible results then the full expenses or the amount of the assets can be written-off. The project produces good results (Warusawitharana, 2015). It can be assigned a lifespan from which the project can be benefited and then can be amortized according to the life of the assets. The discussion that has already been carried out in regard to the case, it has been observed that if the activity is under such a circumstance that is being mentioned in the case then it is to be treated as an expense for the research and development. Any cost that is incurred in creating a new product will not be treated as research and development and will not come under the label of research and development. Research and development is carrying out development of new product, so there are some situations or circumstances that are to be met in order to name that as research and development. Example printing a book with old printing technique will not be considered as research and development. But whereas if the printing is done with a new technique and testing is done for such a technique, in that case it can be considered as research and development. (Baum Silverman, 2014). The situation which is being discussed it resembles techniques which are new in nature which are being developed and are new which has been created after research and development. In order to label a product which is new in nature as an outcome of research and development there should be some sort of innovation. Some new ideas should be generated and included in the product so as to label it as research and development. A launch of a product which has no innovation and is made using existing ideas, in that case it is not to be considered as research and development. (Lev, Petronius, and Radhakrishnan, 2012). With the help of GAAP expense for periods which contribute in the revenue and helps in future benefits. A new product results in a future benefit and it generate revenue for its future period. Research and development helps in maintaining the benefits for the future and helps generate revenue for the organization. There is one exception to the rule where capitalization of the RD cost if the business merges or buys another company then it can capitalize the RD.RD cost which comes from the purchase of another company. If the organization buys another business, in that case the cost of research and development can be capitalize but if not in other case the cost of research and development can not be capitalize. (Clenching and Hwang, 2015). New product development which falls under the category of research and development involve gathering data about a new product and technology, where development means conversion of information into their actual product. (Liebowitz and Suen, 2013). Research and development activity are expenses relating to the operating expenses, this type of expenses is incurred in finding and innovating new product and services for the product the company is associated with. Research and development is a systematic procedure that is carried out by the company in order to find and discover new solutions and to constantly innovate and upgrade the goods and services and the product of the company. (Healy, Myers Howe, 2012). The research and development helps the organization to develop new ideas and modernize there working procedure such that they have certain benefits that help them to get an edge over their competitors such that they always stay ahead of their competitors in certain ways. (Jaffe, 2016) Under generally acceptedaccounting principle (GAP) a business records the cost and expenses and shows it income statement during the period that it has occurred. On the other hand they can even capitalize it. Without research and development the company will stuck at a certain situation from which they will fall back and loose there competing power against their competitors. Any cost that is incurred in creating a new product will not be treated as research and development and will not come under the label of research and development. Research and development is carrying out development of new product, so there are some situations or circumstances that are to be met in order to name that as research and development. In order to label a product which is new in nature as an outcome of research and development there should be some sort of innovation. Some new ideas should be generated and included in the product so as to label it as research and development. A launch of a product which has no innovation and is made using existing ideas, in that case it is not to be considered as research and development. (Paul et al, 2012). References Baum, J.A. and Silverman, B.S., 2014. Picking winners or building them? Alliance, intellectual, and human capital as selection criteria in venture financing and performance of biotechnology startups.Journal of business venturing,19(3), pp.411-436. Boeing, P., Mueller, E. and Sandner, P., 2016. China's RD explosionanalyzing productivity effects across ownership types and over time.Research policy,45(1), pp.159-176. Chen, M.C., Cheng, S.J. and Hwang, Y., 2015. An empirical investigation of the relationship between intellectual capital and firms market value and financial performance.Journal of intellectual capital,6(2), pp.159-176. Chowdhury, S., Schulz, E., Milner, M. and Van De Voort, D., 2014. Core employee based human capital and revenue productivity in small firms: An empirical investigation.Journal of Business Research,67(11), pp.2473-2479. Fulmer, I.S. and Ployhart, R.E., 2014. Our Most Important Asset A Multidisciplinary/Multilevel Review of Human Capital Valuation for Research and Practice.Journal of Management,40(1), pp.161-192. Healy, P. M., Myers, S. C., Howe, C. D. (2012). RD accounting and the tradeoff between relevance and objectivity.Journal of accounting research,40(3), 677-710. Jaffe, A.B., 2016. Technological opportunity and spillovers of RD: evidence from firms' patents, profits and market value. Konda, N.M., Shi, J., Singh, S., Blanch, H.W., Simmons, B.A. and Klein-Marcuschamer, D., 2014. Understanding cost drivers and economic potential of two variants of ionic liquid pretreatment for cellulose befoul production.Biotechnology for befouls,7(1), p.86. Lev, B., Petrovits, C. and Radhakrishnan, S., 2012. Is doing well for you? How corporate charitable contributions enhance revenue growth.Strategic Management Journal,31(2), pp.182-200. Liebowitz, J. and Suen, C.Y., 2013. Developing knowledge management metrics for measuring intellectual capital.Journal of intellectual capital,1(1), pp.54-67. Marvel, M.R., Davis, J.L. and Sproul, C.R., 2016. Human capital and entrepreneurship research: A critical review and future directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,40(3), pp.599-626. Paul, S.M., Mytelka, D.S., Dunwiddie, C.T., Persinger, C.C., Munos, B.H., Lindborg, S.R. and Schacht, A.L., 2012. How to improve RD productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge.Nature reviews. Drug discovery,9(3), p.203. Ployhart, R.E., Nyberg, A.J., Reilly, G. and Maltarich, M.A., 2014. Human capital is dead; long live human capital resources!.Journal of Management,40(2), pp.371-398. Powell, D.M., Fu, R., Horowitz, K., Basore, P.A., Woodhouse, M. and Buonassisi, T., 2015. The capital intensity of photovoltaics manufacturing: barrier to scale and opportunity for innovation.Energy Environmental Science,8(12), pp.3395-3408. Warusawitharana, M., 2015. Research and development, profits, and firm value: A structural estimation.Quantitative Economics,6(2), pp.531-565

The Iliad Essays (961 words) - Trojans, Achilles, Mythological Kings

The Iliad THE ILIAD By Aubrie Campbell The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, which lasted 10 years. The Grecians eventually won the war, but the outcome could have very easily shifted due to a quarrel between King Agamemnon and Achilles. Pride and anger is what the two men were fighting about. This story is a very good example of how those two simple emotions can lead to tragedy. Agamemnon was King of Argos. He was also the chief king among the Grecians. He was angry because his brother, King Menelaus of Sparta, had his wife, Helen, stolen by Paris of Troy. He called all the Kings of Greece and Isles of Greece to come together and make war upon the Trojans and bring Helen back. Among the many was Achilles. Achilles was the son of Thetis, a sea nymph. He was the man who Troy feared the most because he was called the world's greatest warrior. It was said that his only weakness was his heel. If he were to be hurt there, he would surely die. The quarrel began when the Grecian warriors returned from sacking Thebes. Each warrior was dealt out shares of the loot and a woman. The woman King Agamemnon was awarded was the daughter of Chryses, a priest of Apollo. Chryses came to the tents of the Grecians bringing a great ransom and asked for his daughter, Chrysies, back. Agamemnon ignored his pleas and sent him away. Chryses left and went down to the ocean and prayed to Apollo to avenge his tears. Apollo heard his prayer and, furious, came down from Mt. Olympus. He sat upon a hill and started to attack the Grecians with his arrows. This went on for nine days straight. On the tenth day Achilles called all the Kings and Princes into assembly. He asked if any of them had done anything to offend the god Apollo. The only one that spoke was Calchas, a man who knew of the past, present, and future. He said that King Agamemnon had dishonored Apollo's priest. He also told them that Apollo would not stop until Agamemnon restored the girl without ransom to her father. King Agamemnon angrily stated that he did not want to give up his prize, for then he would be the only Grecians without one. Yet, because he would rather his people live, he would return the girl if she was replaced with another. Achilles told him that all the prizes had been awarded. But if Agamemnon was to return the girl, the gods would be in their favor and they would win the war. When they won they would replace Chrysies three or four times. Agamemnon would not hear of this. His pride would not allow for himself to have less then the next man. He said that he would send the girl back, but she would have to be replaced or he would come after Achilles' or Ajax's or Ulysses'. This angered Achilles, and thus began the quarrel that almost cost the Grecians the war. You are steeped in insolence and lust of gain, said Achilles. He also called him a wine bibber and with the face of a dog and heart of a hind. He spat out that he never receives such a large share or as good a prize of that of Agamemnon, even though he is the one doing most of the fighting. We have followed you, Sir Insolence, for your pleasure not ours, he stated, and now you threaten to take my prize which I have been awarded! Then he went on to say that he should return home for he would not stay here to be dishonored by an insolent fool. Agamemnon was furious that Achilles would speak to him in this way. He told Ulysses to take Chrysies back to her father. Then, in retaliation, he told Achilles that he would send someone that night to come and take Achilles' woman. Achilles shouted that he would not stand for this. He would never again raise a sword to help King Agamemnon. After the girl was taken from his tent, Achilles went to the ocean and wept. His mother heard his cries and came to sit with him. He told

Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Example

Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Example Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Inside the agreement it also includes supply and implementation of GAPS technology from Yahoo. In 2005, the network coverage Is expanding till Karakas area which means that Dig will acquire a big market besides In west Malaysia market only. Dig team up with Mbabane to Introduce new services which Is customer of Mbabane can reload or register their repaid phone through maybug. Com In 2006. In year 2009, the company owned Pay By Mobile Sad. Bad. ND cooperate with Microsoft to offer Windows Live Messenger to Dig subscribers. 1. 2 Telecoms Malaysia Bertha Telecoms Malaysia (TM) is one of the mighty companies in telecommunication industry in Malaysia which transfer from Cabana Telecoms Malaysia and in 1987 become first Malaysian private company. In 2001, TM has launch CDMA which is code division multiple access technology broadband and Blueberry. Com. After two years later TM merge with Cellos thus become the largest cellular operator in Malaysia. Between year 2005 till 2009, the company has form many agreements with others International company and also set up or Invest In different countries such as acquired Exclamation (XSL) in 2005 which is owned subsidiary in Indonesia. After TM group sold 3. 2% of its share in Dialog in 2007, TM was formed a strategic alliance with Macomb Group Embank and MS to leverage and strengths to widen their distribution network. So in 2008, TM is decided Demeter its mobile and fixed businesses into two entitles. Because of De-merger mobile operation as a separate public listed company in Malaysia as Telecoms Malaysia International (TWO). The most recent project in TM is the company launches HASH which is High Speed Broadband in few areas such as Appear, Skeletal, Perils, Asked and Niger Seminal. 2. 0 The Industry Analysis Overview of telecommunication Industry In Malaysia Is highly competitive and this Industry Is said to be one of the fastest growing Industry In Malaysia. Telecommunication industry can be characterized as a fruitful and profitable Industry Owe to ten Toweling. PORTAL s five competitive forces 2. 1 Threat of the new entrants: Telecommunication industry is considered as a profitable industry is due to the high entry barriers created by government to this industry. Entry barriers reduce the rate of entry of new firms, thus maintaining a level of profits for those already in the industry. In this industry, the Government has taken steps to introduce managed competition in the industry by offering various telecommunications licenses. To date, the Government has awarded only eight mobile licenses to operators in Malaysia. For example: Telecoms Malaysia had a virtual monopoly on telecommunications services in Malaysia 2. Rivalry among existing firms: Profitability of the industry also affected greatly by the intensity of competition among existing firms in the industry. Telecommunication industry consists of only several mobile operators such as TM, Maxis, Dig due to the entry restriction that imposed by the government. Therefore, rivalry among Competitors Telecommunication industry in Malaysia is oligopoly structure nowadays and the level of competition in this particular industry is said to be low one. 2. 3 Threat of substitute product: Another force that directly affected the profitability of an industry is the threat of bustiest product. In Porters model, substitute products refer to products in other industries. Substitute product is the product or services that is different from the existing product/services but serves the similar needs. Products and services from non-traditional telecoms industries pose serious substitution threats. Cable TV and satellite operators now compete for buyers. Besides that, the substitute product for the mobile services in telecommunication also included fax, email or even letter. A threat of substitutes exists when a products demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. This threat is said to be a weak one because these substitute products such as letter or e-mail are unable to fulfill or completely replace the mobile services. 2. 4 Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of buyers is another force that affected the profitability in telecommunication industry. The buyers in this industry are all services customer and said to have low bargaining power to the services provider. This is because Tm is the sole provider of fixed line telephone services in Malaysia, other mobile operator such as Dig , Maxis, Cellos account for approximately 85% of mobile services in Malaysia. As a result, this contributes to concentration of the buyers industry. Besides this, the buyers have high switching cost in this industry. As a result, the industry is more profitable when the buyers have low bargaining power (indicating that the buyers are unable to affect the setting of prices in the industry). 2. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers The last determinant of profitability in telecommunication industry is bargaining power of suppliers. The suppliers in this industry can be the suppliers of raw materials/component such as cable, broadband equipment, mobile handset, and software.

INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Assignment Essay

INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Assignment - Essay Example While on the other hand, the idea of human rights has emerged from the need for universal respect of human beings freedom, dignity and equality. It has evolved over the period to support for individual from oppression and provide an equal chance to develop their potential to take advantage of different opportunities (Donnelly, 1989). Human Rights and Intellectual Property rights (IPR) have gained widespread discussion during the last two decades. Various stakeholders who have vested interests have furiously argued for their rights. The goals of the proponents of both the parties are somehow inversely related. Stereotypical views have been formed both about human and intellectual property rights. The advocates of human rights assert that the only way to achieve the goals of access to food, health and education is through eliminating most of the intellectual property rights (Lutheran World Federation, 2000). While on the other hand, a mindset has been developed that promotes that by on ly expanding the intellectual property rights, we can provide incentives for innovation which will address the concerns of fundamental human rights (Weissbrodt & Schoff, 2008). The relationship between human rights and intellectual property rights can be analyzed from two aspects. ... Therefore, this relationship can only be analyzed if we have a thorough understanding of the scope of both the rights. The existing human rights do not categorically refer to the intellectual property rights; however, there are certain provisions within the human right treaties which can be considered to be relevant to intellectual property rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which was adopted in 1948 has certain provisions which are important points to be considered. The Article 27.2 states that â€Å"Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author† (United Nations, 2007). Similarly, the right to property is also stressed in the Article 17 of UDHR which states that everyone has the right to own property and no one shall be deprived of his property. In addition to that, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (ICSECR) established in 1966 is also one of the vital tool through which we can assess the relationship between Intellectual Property & Economic Rights. International rights although increase the scope of relationship between these two rights but there are some regional human rights which contains clauses pertaining to property rights. The Article 21.1 of American Convention on Human Rights of 1969 states that everyone is entitled to the right to use and enjoyment of his property but it further enforces that â€Å"The law may subordinate such use and enjoyment to the interest of society† (Sinjela, 2007). Similarly, the African Charter on Human Rights which was adopted in 1981 also enforces that â€Å"The right to the property shall be

Legal system in Great Britain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legal system in Great Britain - Case Study Example Precedent brings consistency to the English legal system, in that two cases with similar material facts will be treated in the same manner. No legal system can be perceived as fair unless everyone receives equal treatment. Predictability allows lawyers to advice their clients with some degree of certainty. Certainty is an important advantage from the existence of precedent. A judge may be prevented from making a mistake, which he or she might have made if there were not any guidance available. However, some may feel that treating two cases alike doesn't allow for much freedom and rigidity is formed, inhibiting the development of the law and therefore giving the impression that the law of precedent is strict and inflexible. A criticism against the law of precedent is the fact that it can actually lead to a degree of rigidity in the system. Nevertheless, a judge may avoid following a previous decision in various ways. A judge may be able to distinguish an earlier case from the present case on its facts and thus avoid following it. No two cases will ever be identical in every way. The cases of Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 and Smith (1959) 2 A11 ER 193illustrate a 'real life' example of distinguishing two separate cases from one another. They may seem at first to be alike in many ways, but when the facts are investigated fully, its becomes obvious that they are actually different. This indicates that separate precedents would need to be used. A judge could avoid using a precedent because he or she found the ratio too obscure or the previous decision was per incuriam i.e. by mistake and without all the facts. Reversing occurs where a court higher up in the hierarchy overturns the decision of a lower court on appeal in the same case. The House of Lords has since 1966 indicated that it is actually prepared not follow its previous decisions if they feel that injustice will occur or there will be unreasonable restriction of the development of the law. Its own previous decisions as well as those by the House of Lords will bind the Court of Appeal, but there are two main exceptions to this rule. The court will choose which decision to follow if there are two conflicting decisions and will not follow one of its own decisions if it is inconsistent with a decision of the House of Lords or the Privacy. Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd (1975) 3 A11 ER 801.Where a judge can actually avoid using a precedent it can be seen that the law of precedent is not as strict and inflexible as the title and some peoples opinions may suggest. However some judges (particularly in the Lords) have been, at times (and to an extent still are - holding decisions to be wrong, but not refusing to overrule them) very strict in their adherence to stare decisis i.e. they do not care whether a decision is 'right' or 'wrong', just or unjust. This can be seen as a big disadvantage as it means to say that judges have too much power at times and a bad precedent can be ignored which would make the law strict and inflexible at times. Other advantages include; how it is applicable to all future cases and is immediately operational. It is said that the legal system is "regulated" by constitutional conventions, whereas the truth is that those

Overview of india real estate

Overview of india real estate India Real Estate is the second largest industry next only to agriculture in terms of the contribution it makes to the gross domestic product (GDP) and the employment generation. Moreover, its share of contribution to the countrys GDP is expected to increase only in the years to come. The GDP contribution of this sector at current prices is approx. 6.5% or Rs.1, 37,000 crores i.e., over 30 billion US dollars. Similarly the commercial property market has compounded annual growth rate of over 30% during the last 5 years across major cities in India along with a phenomenal increase in demand for office space. To be more precise, the next five years will see a rise of six percent from its present share of five percent contributed towards the GDP.   The size in terms of total economic value of real estate development activity of the Indian real estate market is currently US$40-45bn (5-6% of GDP) of which residential forms the major chunk with 90-95% of the market, commercial segment is distant second with 4-5% of the market and organized retail with 1% of the market. Over next five years, Indian real estate market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 20%, driven by 18-19% growth in residential real estate, 55-60% in retail real estate, and 20-22% in commercial real estate. According to a report, India is one among the four countries (the other three being Brazil, Russia and China) that are likely to achieve a much faster growth rate in the domain of property development and housing construction activities as compared to the UK and US real estate markets. The BRIC report, as it is called, has also projected a higher real estate investment over a period of the next five years. The forecast for the year 2010 has put a significant portion of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) towards investment in the Indian real estate market.   With around 1.1 billion people, India is the second most populous country after China and it is expected to overtake it by 2030. Its economic transformation over the past decade has pushed up real GDP growth to an average of 6 per cent per annum since1992. India is emerging as an important business location, particularly in the services sector. Its favourable demographics and strong economic growth make the country an attractive place for property investors, given that demand for property is determined chiefly by business development and demographic trends. Historically, the real estate sector in India was unorganised and characterized by various factors that impeded organised dealing, such as the absence of a centralized title registry providing title guarantee, lack of uniformity in local laws and their application, no availability of bank financing, high interest rates and transfer taxes, and the lack of transparency in transaction values. In recent years however, the real estate sector in India has exhibited a trend towards greater organisation and transparency, accompanied by various regulatory reforms. These reforms include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government of India support to the repeal of the Urban Land Ceiling Act, with nine state governments having already repealed the Act; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Modifications in the Rent Control Act to provide greater protection to homeowners wishing to rent out their properties; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rationalization of property taxes in a number of states; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The proposed computerization of land records The trend towards greater organisation and transparency has contributed to the development of reliable indicators of value and the organised investment in the real estate sector by domestic and international financial institutions, and has also resulted in the greater availability of financing for real estate developers. Regulatory changes permitting foreign investment are expected to further increase investment in the Indian real estate sector. The nature of demand is also changing, with heightened consumer expectations that are influenced by higher disposable incomes, increased globalization and the introduction of new real estate products and services. Demand Drivers These trends have benefited from the substantial recent growth in the Indian economy, which has stimulated demand for land and developed real estate across the real estate industry. Demand for residential, commercial and retail real estate is rising throughout India, accompanied by increased demand for hotel accommodation and improved infrastructure. Additionally, the tax and other benefits applicable to Seas are expected to result in a new source of real estate demand. The real estate industry is one of the fastest growing industries in our economy, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate of approximately 30%.(Ernst and Young) A US$ 16 billion industry at present, it is expected to touch US$ 60 billion in the next five years. (Ernst and Young) The sustainability of growth in the real estate industry has its roots in strong demand fundamentals: a. Rapid expansion of the IT/ ITES and business outsourcing industry (including knowledge process outsourcing and clinical testing outsourcing); b. Rising demand in the residential sector, encouraged by rapidly increasing income levels; c. Acceptance of shopping malls as one stop destinations for consumers; and d. Growing popularity of Special Economic Zones as preferred destinations for both manufacturing and service industries. Source: CMIE Industry Reports There is an estimated requirement of 80 million housing units over the next Fifteen years and 200 million sq. ft. of office space over the next five years. With a view to catalyzing the investment required to plug the aforementioned Supply deficits, the Government, has allowed FDI up to 100% under the automatic route in specified real estate development projects, including but not restricted to townships, built-up infrastructure and construction development projects. The investment is permitted subject to compliance with the following guidelines specified in Press Note 2 (2005): Minimum area to be developed under each project would be as under: i. In case of development of serviced housing plots, a minimum land area of 10 hectares. ii. In case of construction-development projects, a minimum built-up area of 50 ,000 sq.mts. iii. In case of a combination project, anyone of the above two conditions would suffice. The investment would further be subject to the following conditions: i. Minimum capitalization of US$ 10 million for wholly owned subsidiaries and US$ 5 million for joint ventures with Indian partners. The funds would have to be brought in within six months of commencement of business of the Company. ii. Original investment cannot be repatriated before a period of three years from completion of minimum capitalization. However, the investor may be permitted to exit earlier with prior approval of the Government through the FIPS. c. At least 50% of the project must be developed within a period of five years from the date of obtaining all statutory clearances. The investor would not be permitted to sell undeveloped plots. Source: Department of Industrial Policy Promotion Press Note 2 (2005) In December 2007, SEBI, the domestic stock market regulator, issued draft regulations clearing the way for introduction of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in India. This move is also expected to favourably serve the booming property market, by serving as an alternative source for meeting the capital needs of the sector, particularly for builders who otherwise work with internal accruals and high-cost borrowings. Dewan P.N. Chopra Consultants Private Limited Initial Public Offerings have become another popular theme as a means of raising requisite capital in the real estate industry. This has resulted in the creation of a robust marketplace where retail investors can participate in the growth story while also offering ability for promoters and investors to project forward into yet another exit strategy. As a result of the aforementioned stimuli, this industry has been receiving increasing focus from the private equity sector, with PE investments in this industry as a percentage of total PE investments soaring from 14% in 2005-06 to over 32% in 2006-07. (KPMG) It is estimated that more than US$ 5 billion in foreign funds was invested in projects sponsored by rapidly growing developers in 2007. The significant development potential of the real estate industry, coupled with favourable FDI regulations and increasing focus from the private equity sector, has created substantial investment opportunities for real estate companies. As at December 2007, total outstanding investment in 1,885 real estate development projects was US$ 195 billion. (CMIE Industry Reports) As this rapidly growing industry matures into a stable and sustainable economic sector, three key trends, which are likely to shape its future, are emerging: a. Increased focus on execution risks; b. Increased investments in mixed-use development projects with a view to extracting maximum synergic benefits; and c. Syndication among real estate developers on execution of big-ticket development projects, i.e. shift from competition to partnership. Advantage India Why Invest In Indian Real Estate? Flying high on the wings of booming real estate, property in India has become a dream for every potential investor looking forward to dig profits. All are eyeing Indian property market for a wide variety of reasons: Its ever growing economy which is on a continuous rise with 8.1 percent increase witnessed in the last financial year. The boom in economy increases purchasing power of its people and creates demand for real estate sector. India is going to produce an estimated 2 million new graduates from various Indian universities during this year, creating demand for 100 million square feet of office and industrial space. Presence of a large number of Fortune 500 and other reputed companies will attract more companies to initiate their operational bases in India thus creating more demand for corporate space. Real estate investments in India  yield huge dividends. 70 percent of foreign investors in India are making profits and another 12 percent are breaking even. Apart from IT, ITES and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) India has shown its expertise in sectors like auto-components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals and jewellery where it can match the best in the world. These positive attributes of India is definitely going to attract more foreign investors in the near future. The relaxed FDI rules implemented by India last year has invited more foreign investors and real estate in India is seemingly the most lucrative ground at present. The revised investor friendly policies allowed foreigners to own property, and dropped the minimum size for housing estates built with foreign capital to 25 acres (10 hectares) from 100 acres (40 hectares). With this sudden change in investment policies, the overseas firms can now put up commercial buildings as long as the projects surpass 50,000 square meters (538,200 square feet) of floor space. Indian real estate sector is on boom and this is the right time to invest in property in India to reap the highest rewards. The strong fundamentals of the Indian economy are having a favourable impact on all asset classes of Indian real estate viz. housing, commercial office space and retail and hospitality. In recent years, the growth has spread out to tier-II and III cities as well. High growth in services as well as manufacturing sector has resulted in high demand for commercial and industrial real estate. Further the economic growth has trickled down to the large Indian middle class increasing affordability and affluence. Improving living standards are driving the demand for better quality housing and urban infrastructure. In fact, housing in India is today moving from being viewed as a purely basic need to an aspiration purchase. Though high interest rates coupled with soaring property prices have temporarily impacted affordability of home buyers the demand-supply mismatch and low home loans to GDP ratio in India (a meagre 5 per cent as against more than 50 per cent in US, UK and Germany) are expect ed to fuel demand for housing in the medium long run. The growth of the sector has been complemented by favourable policy changes like liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) guidelines and significant increase in investment on physical infrastructure. The recent times have also witnessed an evolution of the sector towards greater institutionalisation and corporatisation. With the entry of global players, inflow of foreign capital, evolution of capital markets, geographical diversification and introduction of reforms, the sector has undergone some significant structural changes. Even critical concern areas like transparency in the sector is also improving significantly. The trend is expected to continue in the coming years. Advantage India key points The Indian real estate industry is expected to reach a size of US$ 180 billion by 2020. High growth in the services sector -telecom, financial services, IT ITeS, etc. Growing penetration of mortgage finance into the urban housing finance market. There is a growing demand for affordable housing and high rate of urbanisation. The real estate sector in India is on a rapid growth trajectory. Over a short span of time, the industry has evolved from a highly fragmented and unorganised market into a semi-organised market, with a large number of listed companies. The Indian Government and private developers, realising the growing demand for affordable housing, are strongly focussing on affordable housing. The Government of India has well-drafted regulations for the Indian real estate sector. Market Overview-

Marxist and Neoclassical Economics

Marx's economic theories mainly deal with the comparison and contrast between Marxism and Capitalism. Karl Marx had many theories that dealt with many different aspects of society. This concept deals with the exploitation of workers and the components involved in production. The first part of Marx's value of labour theory deals with commodities. Commodities are defined as an object outside of us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another (Miliband, 1977, 243). These commodities have different values and according to Marx every commodity has two values: exchange value and use value. The use value of a commodity refers to the fact that is has some sort of use; it serves some purpose or meets some want. Every commodity must have a use or it has no value and is not a commodity. Exchange value refers to the ratio at which a commodity can be exchanged with another. In certain quantities all commodities can be exchanged for other commodities (Miliband, 1977, 254). Even the most worthless commodity, when taken in big enough quantities, can be exchanged for the most valuable of commodities. For example, a large quantity of corn or apples can be exchanged for a diamond. The next part of Marx's theory deal with the values of the labour. Marx argued that what commodities all have in common is the fact that they are all products of human labour. It is human labour that has created them and it is the amount of human labour that goes into them that determines value. Karl Marx's labour theory of value asserts that the value of an object is solely a result of the labour expended to produce it. According to this theory, the more labour or labour time that goes into an object, the more it is worth. Marx defined value as â€Å"consumed labour time†, and stated that â€Å"all goods, considered economically, are only the product of labour and cost nothing except labour†(Parekh, 1982, 386). One crucial element of classical political economy that was eventually displaced in the neoclassical revolution of the nineteenth century was the idea that labour was a primary or even exclusive determinant of value. Now, readings of Marx that posit him either as the last of the great classicals or as the leading left-wing critic of classical political economy often share the claim that Marx extracted from the classicals the view that labour is the sole source of value. Marx is applauded for his consistent formulation of a labour theory of value and, thus, for his adherence to the view that social relations of production determine the distribution of social labour and the value and exchange-value of commodities. That is, as for many other Marxists, the fact that individuals may desire beings and motivated in their economic behaviours by instinct, affection, emotion, and so forth is relegated to the status of secondary phenomena insofar as the determination of value, the social allocation of labour, and the distribution of income and wealth are involved. For many Marxists, the essential causes of economic activity are labour and production. Thus, the labouring body, rendered in some versions of this story as a truly trans-historical corporeal entity, is given pride of place in establishing the conditions for that which is uniquely human and thereby economic. This ‘productionist’ bias of Marxists has constituted the grounds by which Marxism has discursively ignored or excluded libido, excess, and true expenditure in the economic theory to which it has given rise. (Resnick, 2001, 56-60) Contemporary Marxian critics in the field of economics, then, often prefer to resurrect the nineteenth-century debates over the correct attribution of value to either ‘subjective’ desire or ‘objective’ labour. Their critique of neoclassical theory devolves on the claim that the bourgeois individualism, naturalism, and arcane abstraction consequent upon the use of axiomatic formulations in neoclassicism obscure the true (McCloskey, 2003, 12-14) conditions under which economic activities and institutions arise. Whereas production is viewed as ubiquitous across epochs and geographical boundaries, desire and utility maximization are seen as limited in historical importance to capitalist societies and, even there, they are more a consequence of a hegemonic false consciousness imposed by the self-promotion of the bourgeoisie (for example, to hide the ‘fact’ of exploitation or to explain away the waste and inefficiency of unplanned markets) than the objective conditions of life under capitalism. The modernism of much Marxism consists, at least partly, in its insistence in finding an ontological referent for the essential cause – labour – that emerges in Marxian economics as the source of value. The labouring body and the conditions of work, then, take precedence in everything from determining the nature of subjectivity (the individual who produces him/herself in the course of participating in social labour) and estimating the ‘good life’ (the elimination of alienation in work) to the primacy of certain struggles in the movements to transform and move beyond capitalism. Comparison and Contrast Karl Marx set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion with his writings in the late nineteenth century. In collaboration with his friend, Fredrich Englels, he produced the Communist Manifesto, written in 1848. Many failed countries' political and economic structures have been based on Marx's theories. That is why he is known as on of the most influential people of the history of the world. Marxism in its various forms has affected the world greatly throughout time. Both World Wars have involved communist countries to a great extent. Communism has gone wrong in many countries, with the state turning into an authoritarian one, with a few people at the top abusing their power for their own personal gain, at the expense of the other members of the public. (England, 1993, 37-53) Rather than codifying the classicals’ labouring body as a first principle, Marx can be said to have disrupted the order of the body established in classical political economy and in much Marxism. For us, Marx is not the inventor of a new anthropology (his work, we believe along with Althusser, represents a sharp rupture from the humanist anthropology that preceded – and, in the pretensions of the early neoclassicals, followed – him). Briefly stated, we view Marx’s contributions to be more along the lines of presenting the human body as a register of class and other economic and social processes, a place where the effects of capitalism are largely inscribed, rather than the site of the privileged origin (through labour) of subjectivity, agency, or socioeconomic relations. In other words, the body that Marx presents in his writings is over determined and has no centre or essential unity other than that which is the effect of the historical conditions of production, consumption, circulation, distribution, and so forth. In this sense, the body in Marx’s work is closer to some current neoclassical renditions, at least insofar as it is differentiated, dispersed, and brought to temporary unity by specific productions rather than by the presumption of its essentiality. (Cohen, 1978, 110-14) The problem, then, for some of the Marxian critics of neoclassical theory is that the story they prefer revives a view of the body and subjectivity that are fully part of the modernist project to promote an overarching and exhaustive notion of ‘man’. In this regard, the post-modern moments of Marxism are suppressed and the affinity that Marxists may have with other developments within which the humanism of the classicals is finally displaced is largely ignored. (Blaug, 1992, 319-22) To put this otherwise, the retention of the labouring body as prime cause of social and economic relations does little to undermine the humanist essentialism that, purportedly, many Marxists have been at pains to attack over the course of the last century. While recent neoclassicals and Marxists may make absurd bed mates, there is a sense in which Marxists can augment rather than blunt their attacks on bourgeois social order by acknowledging the fragmentation of the human body and the dismemberment of theoretical humanism that may have been accomplished by some neoclassicals. (Ollman, 1995, 201-10) A similar issue confronts post-Keynesian critics of neoclassical economics. Instead of using their trenchant questioning of the notions of certainty (and of probabilistic certainty), rationality, and much else that still abounds within neoclassical theory, together with their own exploration of the significance and effects of uncertainty, as the initial steps in decentring the body, post-Keynesian economists have largely resisted such a move. As we see it, the ‘radical uncertainty’ (de Marchi, 2001, 86-90) originally focused on by Keynes and now embraced by post-Keynesian economists has the potential of disrupting the modernist unity of the body, for example, by severing the necessary connection between, the presumed sequence of, some set of initial anticipations and the actions of economic agents as well as by ‘relativizing’ even the recognition of the degrees and forms of certain and uncertain knowledge on the part of those agents, making uncertainty into a variable and heterogeneous constituent and effect of bodily capabilities and orders. (Amariglio, 1994, 7-35) Conclusion Up to the end of the nineteenth century, the sensible presence of the monetary substance (gold, silver) which guaranteed more or less directly the value of the circulating sign, could lead us to forget that money was also a sign. The gold-standard system implied the circulation of gold by itself or the free convertibility of bank-notes into gold. And this, according to a creed which was almost unanimously shared by all economists and statesmen of the nineteenth century, regardless of their nationality, their religious beliefs, or philosophical opinions: ‘banknotes have value only because they represent gold’. Marx himself denied the possibility or the legitimacy of money which would be a mere sign. For him, the backing by commodity-money (produced by a certain amount of labour) is necessary. Nowadays, the direct representational possibility of monetary signs is suspended not only for circumstantial reasons, but completely suppressed, as we know, for reasons that became structural. Thus, we passed from a monetary regime where gold circulated in presencia to a regime where money was a sign representing gold; and finally to money which is a pure sign, without any reference to a gold-value, a regime of complete non-convertibility. The logical relationship between the non-convertibility of money and the dismissal of the labour theory of value by neoclassical economists and mainstream economics has been stressed. Post-Keynesians, however, tend to emphasize the extradiscursive ‘brute nature’ of uncertainty, reducing it to the limits on knowledge imposed by an unforeseeable future. Their view is that neoclassical economists (and, with them, others such as new Keynesian economists), by emphasizing certain (or, again, probabilistically certain) knowledge, have simply exaggerated the role and possibilities of rational calculation and diminished the ‘animal spirits’, ‘spontaneous optimism’, and other nonrational, corporeal determinants of economic behaviour. In this sense, post-Keynesian economists seek to reinscribe a more ‘balanced’ human body – one which, if not exactly derivative of the classicals, both recognizes the limitations of the body (for example, in terms of the ability to gather and process information) and recovers the kind of profusion of sentiments and emotions, conventions and habits, that were seen to be central to the activities and practices of economic agents prior to the marginalist revolution. It is this body which, for post-Keynesians, serves both to replace the ‘sterility’ of disembodied neoclassical decision-makers and to avoid the ‘nihilism’ occasioned by the post-modern decentring of the body. References Amariglio, J. and Ruccio, D. F. (1994) ‘Postmodernism, Marxism, and the Critique of Modern Economic Thought’, Rethinking Marxism 7 (Fall): 7-35. Blaug, M. (1992) The Methodology of Economics; Or How Economists Explain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 319-22. Cohen, G.A. Karl Marx's Theory of History. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 1978. 110-14 de Marchi, N. (2001) ‘Introduction’ in N. de Marchi and M. Blaug (eds) Appraising Economic Theories, Aldershot: Elgar. 86-90 England, Paula (1993) ‘The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions’, in Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson (eds) Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 37-53. McCloskey, D. N. (2003) ‘The Rhetoric of Economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, 21 (June) 12-14 Miliband, R. Marxism and Politics. Herron Publishing Inc., New York. 1977. 250-59 Ollman, B. Grolier's Encyclopedia, Karl Marx and Marxism. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc. 1995. 201-10 Parekh, B. Marx's Theory of Ideology. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1982. P.386 Resnick, Stephen A., and Wolff, Richard D. (2001) Knowledge and Class: A Marxian Critique of Political Economy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 56-60

The Grapes of Wrath: A Warning to the System

The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck create s and shifts tone to show the failure of the economic system and how that failure causes people's anger anger to grow inside them, like grapes, growing ripe for harvest. At the beginning of the chapter, the tone is positive. He describes California in the spring, using positive diction such as â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"full green hills† (Paragraph 1).H e also describes al of the crops, how the tree limbs â€Å"bend gradually under the fruit† because t here is so much of it. Steinbeck makes nature seem perfect; the hills are â€Å"round and soft as break SST† and the men are â€Å"of understanding and knowledge† (paragraphs 2 and 3). He creates a sense o f hope which is only to be destroyed later on in the chapter. In paragraph 5, the fruit begins t o ripen. This is when money is introduced: â€Å"Hell, we can't pick ‘me for that. † Right away, with the nit reduction of money, the tone s hifts from positive to negative.Words such as â€Å"hell† and cool Ours like â€Å"black† and â€Å"red† are used. The reason for this shift in tone IS because the starving pee people are angry because there is an over abundance of food that is just being wasted. Paragraph pH 12 simply says â€Å"And the smell of rot fills the country. † This describes all of the wasted food, the e word â€Å"rot† insinuates that the economic system stinks. Sanchez 2 The last few paragraphs are a warning to the system. In paragraph 13, Steins eek uses parallelism: â€Å"Burn coffee for fuel in the ships [s] laughter the pigs and bury t me† (paragraph 13).He does this to emphasize how this was deliberately being done just so a profit could be made. He writes about how crime â€Å"goes beyond denunciation† (paragraph 14) . People are so desperate for food that they are willing to do anything to get it. Children die b cause â€Å"a profit cannot be take n from an orange. † All of these horrible things lead up to the la SST paragraph of the chapter; the warning to the system. People are trying to fish for potatoes that have just been dumped in the river, but the guards hold them back.They are trying to grab t he dumped oranges, â€Å"but the kerosene is sprayed. † Eventually, the hungry become furious. Food the at they could be eating is being wasted simply because a profit cannot be made from it. Their anger IS growing inside of them like the â€Å"grapes of wrath,† growing ripe for the harvest. The book title itself is used in this chapter. It is used to describe how people's wrath is growing like grapes, â€Å"growing heavy for the vintage. † This indicates that some wing big is going to happen: the harvest.

Nutrition Science And Its Impact On Human Health And Behavior

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